Terracotta has been an intricate part of the Indian subcontinent since time immemorial. The use of terracotta to create sculptures and pottery dates back to the pre-Harappan and Harappan eras. Each region has its unique characteristics and stylistic features for using terracotta in its craft, one of them being the Molela craft from Rajasthan.
The Mystical Origins of Molela Craft
Molela is a hollow relief terracotta craft. The origin of the Molela craft is shrouded in mystery, but various legends ascribe it to a blind potter who dreamt of Shri Devnarayan. In the dream, the deity asked the blind potter to make his image. Initially hesitant due to his blindness, the potter eventually agreed. Miraculously, the next morning, his eyesight was restored. Following this divine intervention, people from his community began preparing and worshiping these votive plaques for wish fulfillment.
The Village of Molela
Molela is a small village situated on the banks of the river Banas. It is from the banks of this river that the kumhars (potters) collect their clay. The clay from this region is ideal for preparing votive plaques, as both the clay and the climate suit its structure. The religious terracotta plaques are generally purchased by the Bhil tribals from Rajasthan, Gujarat, and even as far as Madhya Pradesh. These tribals are often accompanied by their Bhopas or priests on their journey to purchase new plaques, which are changed every year in the months of February-March to avoid any misfortune. The religious Molela tiles are prepared to resemble miniature temples, complete with five structural domes, pillars, a central deity, and floral beams.
Figures and Colors in Molela Art
The most important deities depicted in Molela art are Devnarayan and Nagaraja, although many other deities are also represented. Specific colors are used to identify different deities; for example, blue is used for Kala Bhairav, and orange is used for Gora Bhairav.
The colors are prepared using natural stones and minerals found in the region. Palewa, a clay slip, is used to prepare different colors when mixed with various stones and minerals. For example, red is prepared by mixing geru (a type of red ochre) with the palewa and water mixture. Dawrigund, a vegetable gum, is used as a binder, and Jala, a locally available lacquer, is used for shine instead of commercial varnish, maintaining the traditional religious nature of the votive plaques.
Prominent Deities in Molela Art
- Devnarayan: The most worshipped deity of the Gujar tribe, depicted seated on a horse while holding a spear and a lotus. Sometimes, a serpent, a herd of cows, a man, a peacock, a crocodile, and the sun are depicted attending to him.
- Bhairavnath: This male deity depicts two opposite universes as Kala Bhairav or Gora Bhairav. Kala Bhairav is strong-willed and offered animal sacrifices and liquor, while Gora Bhairav is compassionate and offered sweets.
- Nagadeva: The serpent god, often depicted with numerous snakes and sometimes with 12 snakehoods.
- Goddesses: Various incarnations such as Durga riding a lion, Chamunda Devi riding an elephant, and Kali riding a buffalo. Other goddesses include Devi Amba, Aawanmata, and Sadhumata, often depicted holding a sword, drum, trishul, and a bowl of blood.
- Gangaur: Votive plaques prepared to worship Shiva and Parvati for a happy married life, with Devi Parvati painted orange and Lord Shiva in blue.
Adapting to Modern Times
Due to the rise in urbanization, Molela artists have begun depicting village scenes to cater to the growing demand for their art. This evolution showcases their adaptability while preserving the traditional essence of Molela craft.
Conclusion
The Molela craft of Rajasthan is a testament to the rich cultural heritage and artistic traditions of India. Its intricate designs and the legends surrounding its origins add a mystical charm to this ancient craft. As the Molela artists continue to adapt to modern demands, they ensure that this traditional art form remains vibrant and relevant in today’s world.
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